Ohm's Law
The natural place to go next in our journey in embedded programming is to delve into some theory. This week, we'll focus on hardware and show exactly how easy it all can be. As I firmly believe that if you understand the history as a story explaining how something came to be, you'll understand the why behind it. We'll start by talking about a late 18th century German Mathematician and Physicist named Georg Simon Ohm.
Ohm was a high school teacher who was interested in experimenting with an at the time recently invented, by an Italian, Conte Volta, electric cell. Volta's cell is a battery, same as the AA, or AAA variety we use in common modern life. Volta's cell wasn't something one could buy from the local store, so Ohm created the tools he used to further his own research.
The first thing Ohm noticed is the further you try to get electricity to flow through a wire, the less current you have. He also very early recognized that the thickness of the wire is proportional to the current.
So let's think about this. We say electricity "flows" from one location to another; it's often easier to think in terms of a liquid flowing through a pipe. Modern pipes pretty much never leak, so you always have as much liquid when the water gets to where it is going as when you started. But what if there was a leak? You'd still get water at the end of its journey, but there'd be less of it, and thus less of a "current." Well, going back to electricity, there is no such thing as a perfect conductor. Thus circuits are closer to water flowing throw a leaky pipe than a perfect pipe. Check out the animations and explanation here;
This loss of current is exactly what Ohm recognized and measured. Using the information about how current is affected, he established the relationship between Voltage, Current, and Resistance.
In plain terms, Voltage (denoted as V) is the potential difference between two locations in a circuit. Remembering that electrons flow through a circuit, there has to be a source and a sink, something from electrons to flow from and to. That potential measurement is Voltage.
Current (denoted as I) is exactly what it sounds like. It's the measure of how quickly electrons are flowing from their source to the ground. The current will flow quickest where there's the least amount of Resistance. The more resistance, the slower the current.
Resistance (denoted as R) is also exactly what it sounds like. It's the measure of how much we're constricting the stream of current flowing through a circuit. The greater the resistance, the lower the current.
So let's see what Ohm's law is: V = IR. Voltage is equal to the Current times the Resistance. This identity gives us the ability to determine how much resistance is needed to be placed in a circuit in order for all components to receive power at the right level and not cause fires, broken components, or blown circuits. Here's a great place to get practical knowledge for how Ohm's law works.
Before we leave this Theory post, let's talk about Kirchoff and his current and voltage law as it relates very strongly with what we just talked about with Ohm. Imagining water flowing through a pipe. If you branch the pipe so 1/3 of water goes in one of 3 different directions, you will get out roughly as much water from all three pipe branches as you put in. That is to say, just because you branched the water's flow doesn't mean you get more or less water. The same concept holds for electronics.
Kirchoff was a contemporary of Ohm and also a German Physicist. He worked with closed systems of circuits. His investigations yielded this wonderful property that if you measure all increases and decreases in a closed loop of circuits then add them, you always get 0.
What this means is that simply putting a branch in the pipe never increases or decreases the amount of current flowing in the system. You can't create electricity by simply branching it and you don't lose electricity by branching it anymore than you would by branching a water line.
So there's our due diligence to theory instruction and history. We'll next start looking at applying it with tools and programming.
Ohm was a high school teacher who was interested in experimenting with an at the time recently invented, by an Italian, Conte Volta, electric cell. Volta's cell is a battery, same as the AA, or AAA variety we use in common modern life. Volta's cell wasn't something one could buy from the local store, so Ohm created the tools he used to further his own research.
The first thing Ohm noticed is the further you try to get electricity to flow through a wire, the less current you have. He also very early recognized that the thickness of the wire is proportional to the current.
So let's think about this. We say electricity "flows" from one location to another; it's often easier to think in terms of a liquid flowing through a pipe. Modern pipes pretty much never leak, so you always have as much liquid when the water gets to where it is going as when you started. But what if there was a leak? You'd still get water at the end of its journey, but there'd be less of it, and thus less of a "current." Well, going back to electricity, there is no such thing as a perfect conductor. Thus circuits are closer to water flowing throw a leaky pipe than a perfect pipe. Check out the animations and explanation here;
This loss of current is exactly what Ohm recognized and measured. Using the information about how current is affected, he established the relationship between Voltage, Current, and Resistance.
In plain terms, Voltage (denoted as V) is the potential difference between two locations in a circuit. Remembering that electrons flow through a circuit, there has to be a source and a sink, something from electrons to flow from and to. That potential measurement is Voltage.
Current (denoted as I) is exactly what it sounds like. It's the measure of how quickly electrons are flowing from their source to the ground. The current will flow quickest where there's the least amount of Resistance. The more resistance, the slower the current.
Resistance (denoted as R) is also exactly what it sounds like. It's the measure of how much we're constricting the stream of current flowing through a circuit. The greater the resistance, the lower the current.
So let's see what Ohm's law is: V = IR. Voltage is equal to the Current times the Resistance. This identity gives us the ability to determine how much resistance is needed to be placed in a circuit in order for all components to receive power at the right level and not cause fires, broken components, or blown circuits. Here's a great place to get practical knowledge for how Ohm's law works.
Before we leave this Theory post, let's talk about Kirchoff and his current and voltage law as it relates very strongly with what we just talked about with Ohm. Imagining water flowing through a pipe. If you branch the pipe so 1/3 of water goes in one of 3 different directions, you will get out roughly as much water from all three pipe branches as you put in. That is to say, just because you branched the water's flow doesn't mean you get more or less water. The same concept holds for electronics.
Kirchoff was a contemporary of Ohm and also a German Physicist. He worked with closed systems of circuits. His investigations yielded this wonderful property that if you measure all increases and decreases in a closed loop of circuits then add them, you always get 0.
What this means is that simply putting a branch in the pipe never increases or decreases the amount of current flowing in the system. You can't create electricity by simply branching it and you don't lose electricity by branching it anymore than you would by branching a water line.
So there's our due diligence to theory instruction and history. We'll next start looking at applying it with tools and programming.
Ohm’s law is one of the most important equations when it comes to understanding electric circuits, but if you’re going to understand it, you’ll need a good grasp of the basic concepts it links like voltage, current , and resistance. Ohm’s law is also applied in circuit connections such as computing the power equation. With this, it is easier to understand how to wire electrical components without the fear of low voltage or electric shock. Parallel or series wiring can be applied appropriately if ohm’s law is understood. The history you shared here would help the students to know the hard work it took to derive a simple equation and law. On the other hand, innovative Physics tutors will find a way to present such Physics topics and stories in a more interesting way. Thanks for sharing.
ReplyDeleteThe ohmmeter is a tool used to measure electrical resistance and conductance. It is also used to detect shorts on electric circuits, which can be caused by faulty wiring or a broken wire that creates contact between two live wires.
ReplyDeleteThe ohmmeter only measures the resistance of the material that is being tested which means it does not test for any other properties of the material. An ohmmeter does not give you any information about what type of material it is being tested against.
An ohmmeter reading shows how much current will flow through a given material under certain conditions and this can be very different from what would happen if you were to replace the original circuit with one that has different wiring or different components.